In recent years，China’s state-owned enterprises have obvious improvement in performance.Some scholars hold that such improvement is mainly due to the monopoly status of state-owned enterprises，rather than the improvement of efficiency．We examine the efficiency performance of competitive and monopolistic state- owned industrial enterprises respectively，and draw conclusions as follow: in the competitive industries，the state-owned industrial enterprises and the non-state- owned industrial enterprises have no obvious difference in financial efficiency and technical efficiency; while in the monopolistic industries，the state-owned industrial enterprises have higher technical efficiency and continuously maintain a rapid rate of technological progress as well．As a result，ownership has no significant impact on the micro efficiency of enterprises．In recent years，the improvement of the performance of China’ s state-owned enterprises is firmly based on the improvement of their micro efficiency.The ideas that the state-owned enterprises have low efficiency and that their profits are mainly from monopoly are impractical．

Editor: Zhou Miao